Research Methods

P-value

The probability of observing the data (or more extreme) if the null hypothesis were true.

Definition

A p-value below a pre-specified threshold (typically 0.05) is the conventional marker of statistical significance. It does not measure effect size, clinical importance, or probability that the hypothesis is true.

Related terms

Confidence IntervalA range that, under repeated sampling, would contain the true parameter 95% of the time (for a 95% CI).
Randomized Controlled TrialA study design randomly assigning participants to intervention or control — the gold standard of clinical evidence.

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