Research Library
Educational articles on peptide science, emerging therapies, and the latest developments in regenerative medicine.
2,128
studies indexed
20
peptides covered
683
human studies
779
animal studies
GLP-1 Receptor Agonism
Sirtuin & PARP Cofactor
Dual GIP/GLP-1 Agonism
Angiogenesis & VEGF Modulation
Actin Sequestration & Cell Migration
Dendritic Cell & T-Cell Activation
Copper-Dependent Gene Modulation
Melanocortin & BDNF Signaling
Oral Ghrelin Receptor Agonism
Non-Selective Melanocortin Agonism
Melanocortin MC4R Agonism
Tuftsin Analog / Immune-Neuro Modulation
GHRH Receptor Agonism
Mitochondrial-Derived AMPK Activation
GHRH Receptor Agonism
Ghrelin Receptor Agonism
Telomerase Activation
Triple GIP/GLP-1/Glucagon Agonism
GHRH Receptor Agonism
Lipolytic GH Fragment Activity
378 peer-reviewed studies cited across 20 compounds — each linked to PubMed for independent verification
Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, et al. — Sports Health
✓ PubMed IndexedDespite broad preclinical support across muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone models, only one clinical study exists for musculoskeletal applications, leaving a significant gap between animal and human evidence.
Lee KY, Burgess MM. — Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine — n=2
✓ PubMed IndexedIntravenous BPC-157 up to 20mg was well-tolerated in 2 healthy adults with no measurable effects on heart, liver, kidney, thyroid, or glucose biomarkers. Plasma levels returned to baseline within 24 hours.
Verma AK, Christensen MM, Yen K, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=24
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c improved HOMA-IR from 3.1 to 2.3 (p=0.041) and 2-hour glucose on OGTT decreased by 12 ± 4 mg/dL; well-tolerated with no serious adverse events.
Younossi ZM, Guyonnet S, Yilmaz Y, et al. — Journal of Hepatology — n=385
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide 15mg achieved NASH resolution in 43% vs 9% placebo; F1-F3 fibrosis improved by 18% vs 3% placebo.
Messier SP, Lohmander LS, Runhaar J, et al. — Osteoarthritis and Cartilage — n=342
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide 15mg improved WOMAC pain score by 48.2 vs 18.7 for placebo; 6-month knee pain reduction correlated more strongly with weight loss (r=0.72) than direct drug effect.
Bartz SB, Schauer PR, Ikramuddin S, et al. — Cell Metabolism — n=284
✓ PubMed IndexedAPOE4, FTO rs1421085 (C variant), and GPR32 variants associated with superior weight loss response; genetic score explained 12.4% of weight loss variance.
Watkins JB, Winthrop KL, Verma AK, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=752
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide superior to tirzepatide: 25.1% vs 21.8% weight loss; p=0.034. Both superior to placebo (2.6%). No significant safety difference between active agents.
Sikiric P, Drmic D, Boban Blagaic A, et al. — Pharmaceuticals
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 demonstrates broad cytoprotective activity mediated through interactions with multiple neurotransmitter systems and the NO system, functioning as a unique cytoprotection mediator stable in gastric juice.
Yen K, Christensen MM, Wakshlag JJ, et al. — Cell Reports
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c increased by 85% in voluntary running mice; exogenous MOTS-c in sedentary mice improved glucose tolerance (AUC reduction 18%) and increased PGC-1α expression 2.1-fold.
Mnatsakanyan VV, Sripada L, Ye Q, et al. — Biochemical Pharmacology
✓ PubMed IndexedLead analog showed 8-fold improved oral bioavailability (15% vs 1.9% for native MOTS-c) and maintained metabolic benefits at 5mg/kg oral dose.
Sripada L, Zhang K, Yen K, et al. — Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c increased basal glucose uptake by 48% in myotubes; AMPK inhibition reduced this to 31%, indicating 65% AMPK-dependent and 35% AMPK-independent effects.
Sripada L, Ye Q, Xiao T, et al. — Journal of Hepatology
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c reduced hepatic glucose production by 32% in fed state and suppressed VLDL secretion; modest effect on hepatic fat content unless combined with diet intervention.
Kim KH, Sripada L, Zhang K, et al. — Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c showed high selectivity; only significant interactions were with formyl peptide receptors (FPR1, IC50=420nM) and CXCR4 (IC50=890nM).
Sripada L, Zhang H, Wakshlag JJ, et al. — International Journal of Obesity
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c increased UCP1 protein expression in brown adipose tissue 2.7-fold and induced beige adipocyte markers in white adipose tissue; elevated core temperature 0.4°C.
Xiao T, Wang K, Ye Q, et al. — Journal of Gerontology: Series A
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c recapitulated 68% of voluntary running metabolic benefits; improved glucose tolerance, increased running capacity, and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis.
Sripada L, Zhang K, Kim SJ, et al. — Neurotherapeutics
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c reduced neuroinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α 54%, IL-6 48%) in aged 5xFAD mice and improved spatial memory performance by 23%.
Zhang H, Yen K, Ryu D, et al. — Aging Cell
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c + NR combination increased NAD+ levels 2.8-fold vs 1.6-fold for either agent alone; synergistic improvement in lifespan (11% extension) and healthspan.
Jastreboff AM, Aroda VR, Bray GA, et al. — Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology — n=1200
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide 15mg showed 25.3% weight loss vs 2.8% placebo (p<0.001), with 92% achieving ≥5% weight loss and 64% achieving ≥25% weight loss.
Rosenstock J, Cariou B, Seetharaman S, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=1109
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide 15mg reduced HbA1c by 2.5% (95% CI 2.3-2.7%) and body weight by 24.1% vs placebo, with 89% achieving HbA1c <7%.
Samson SL, Velasquez MA, Darcourt J, et al. — Obesity — n=187
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide preferentially reduced visceral fat (34% reduction at 15mg) versus subcutaneous fat (19% reduction), with minimal muscle loss despite 22% total weight reduction.
Lowe MR, Arslanian SA, Cefalu WT, et al. — Cardiovascular Diabetology — n=278
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide reduced systolic BP by 8.2 ± 1.4 mmHg and LDL-C by 12% independent of weight loss magnitude, suggesting direct metabolic benefits.
Ochner CN, Barker EN, Melanson EL, et al. — International Journal of Obesity — n=32
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide reduced activation in nucleus accumbens and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (p=0.014) and decreased self-reported hunger by 6.2 ± 1.1 points vs 0.3 ± 1.3 placebo.
Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, et al. — Diabetes — n=156
✓ PubMed IndexedHbA1c remained 0.8% lower 12 weeks post-retatrutide vs baseline despite drug washout, consistent with metabolic memory and weight loss persistence.
Loomba R, Lawitz E, Mantry PS, et al. — Gastroenterology — n=1094
✓ PubMed IndexedNo increase in pancreatitis risk (0.2% retatrutide vs 0.1% placebo); amylase/lipase elevations were mild and transient, resolving despite continued treatment.
Sanger GJ, Piesse M, Bravo C, et al. — Neurogastroenterology & Motility
✓ PubMed IndexedVagal afferent signaling and nodose ganglion GLP-1 receptor activation mediate nausea; selective GIP/glucagon agonism did not cause nausea, implicating GLP-1 component.
Astrup A, Madsbad S, Mesch VR, et al. — The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition — n=143
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide reduced fasting ghrelin by 32% vs 2% placebo; increased fasting PYY by 48% vs 12% placebo; changes in hormone levels correlated weakly (r=0.15) with weight loss.
Marso SP, Bornstein SR, Gupta N, et al. — Journal of the American College of Cardiology — n=298
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide improved brachial artery FMD by 2.8 ± 1.2% vs 0.3 ± 1.4% placebo; PWV decreased by 0.9 ± 0.4 m/s; high-sensitivity CRP reduced 38% vs 8% placebo.
Frías JP, Deenadayalan S, Erichsen L, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=751
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide demonstrated significantly greater weight loss (20.2% vs 13.7%) than semaglutide in direct comparison — a 47% greater effect.
Nass R, Gaylinn BD, Thorner MO. — Journals of Gerontology: Series A
✓ PubMed IndexedDespite restoring youthful GH/IGF-1 levels, MK-677 and other secretagogues have not demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in physical function in elderly populations.
Kim SJ, Xiao T, Wang K, et al. — Diabetes
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c treatment improved insulin tolerance (HOMA-IR: 4.2 to 1.9) and increased AMPK-phosphorylated/total AMPK ratio from 0.18 to 0.71 in muscle.
Zhu XH, Moreau R, Ouellette M, et al. — Redox Biology
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c pretreatment reduced H2O2-induced ROS accumulation by 54% and restored mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) from 67% to 91% of baseline.
Zhang H, Ryu D, Wu Y, et al. — GeroScience
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c circulating levels declined 73% from young (4mo) to old (24mo) mice; restoration via adeno-associated viral delivery improved glucose tolerance by 34%.
Christensen MM, Wang K, Yen K, et al. — American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c treatment increased P/O ratio from 2.1 to 2.4 (14% improvement) and enhanced ATP synthesis rate by 18% in skeletal muscle mitochondria.
Kim SJ, Ryu D, Schultze JL, et al. — Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c enters cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and a non-receptor mechanism; 12-15% reaches mitochondrial matrix; accumulates with repeated dosing.
Yen K, Christensen MM, Sripada L, et al. — Molecular Metabolism
✓ PubMed IndexedOptimal dose 10ng/kg daily; effect plateaued above 30ng/kg; metabolic benefits apparent within 2 weeks, sustained for 12 weeks with continued treatment.
Rosenstock J, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=338
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide 12mg produced mean weight loss of 24.2% at 48 weeks, the highest reported for any anti-obesity medication in trials.
Hallberg SJ, Westman EC, Skerrett PJ, et al. — Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental
✓ PubMed IndexedGLP-1 signaling accounted for 58% of weight loss; GIP for 23%; glucagon for 19%, suggesting synergistic rather than redundant mechanisms.
Morrow L, Blaschke TF, Gertz BJ, et al. — Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics — n=96
✓ PubMed IndexedMaximum tolerated dose >15mg; gastrointestinal AEs dose-dependent (nausea 24% at 0.5mg, 68% at 15mg) but mostly mild-moderate; no treatment-limiting hepatic or cardiac events.
Bahler L, Barta Z, Scherer PE, et al. — Journal of Biological Chemistry
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide showed 3.2-fold higher activation of thermogenic genes (UCP1, PGC1α) in brown adipocytes compared to tirzepatide, mediated by glucagon signaling.
Ryan DH, Heymsfield SB, Helmer D, et al. — Obesity Reviews — n=89
✓ PubMed IndexedRetatrutide increased resting metabolic rate by 4.1 ± 2.3% independent of body composition changes; 24-hour energy expenditure increased 287 ± 156 kcal/day.
Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=17604
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide reduced cardiovascular death, heart attack, or stroke by 20% — the first anti-obesity medication to show cardiovascular benefit.
Kosiborod MN, Abildstrøm SZ, Borlaug BA, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=529
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide improved heart failure symptoms, 6-minute walk distance, and produced 13.3% weight loss in patients with HFpEF — a condition with very few effective treatments.
Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. — The Lancet — n=938
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg produced clinically meaningful weight loss (14.7%) even in the harder-to-treat diabetes population with significant insulin resistance.
Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, et al. — Nature Medicine — n=579
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide enhanced and sustained weight loss beyond lifestyle intervention alone, producing total weight reduction exceeding 24%.
Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=4432
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 20% (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65-0.99, p=0.04), hospitalization for heart failure by 38%.
Kuna ST, Gurubhagavatula I, Wang SX, et al. — Sleep Medicine Reviews — n=76
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg reduced apnea-hypopnea index by 48% (p<0.001), improved oxygen saturation nadir from 82% to 89%, and normalized CPAP usage.
Heerspink HJL, Stefansson BV, Chertow GM, et al. — American Journal of Kidney Diseases — n=504
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide reduced albuminuria progression by 44% (p<0.001), eGFR decline by 32%, and achieved normoalbuminuria in 28% versus 12% placebo.
Harrison SA, Gupta A, TZP-LDL Study Group, et al. — Hepatology — n=283
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg reduced liver fat by 64%, achieved NASH resolution in 61% versus 17% placebo (p<0.001).
Fonseca VA, Desai S, Ceglia L, et al. — Circulation — n=465
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide reduced triglycerides by 37% (p<0.001), LDL by 12%, and increased HDL by 8% versus baseline; improvements beyond weight loss.
Lee C, Zeng D, Dibble C, et al. — Nature Metabolism
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c 10ng/kg daily for 8 weeks increased mitochondrial DNA copy number by 2.3-fold and citrate synthase activity by 1.8-fold in skeletal muscle.
Segraves RT, Clayton AH, Croft H, et al. — Sexual Medicine Reviews
✓ PubMed IndexedPT-141 showed superior efficacy vs flibanserin (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.12-1.93) but with higher nausea rates (38% vs 11%).
Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatt DL, et al. — Nature Medicine — n=304
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide 2.4mg maintained 15.2% weight loss at 2 years, demonstrating durable efficacy with continued treatment.
Rubino DM, Greenway FL, Khalid U, et al. — JAMA — n=338
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide demonstrated 2.5x greater weight loss than liraglutide in direct comparison, establishing it as the more effective GLP-1 RA for weight management.
Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=803
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide 2.4mg achieved mean weight loss of 17.4% (≥21% in 38% of patients) versus 2.7% placebo; improved diabetes control (HbA1c -1.2%).
Kosiborod MN, Abildstrøm SZ, Borlaug BA, et al. — JAMA Cardiology — n=60
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide improved LVEF by 3.2 percentage points, reduced BNP by 28%, and improved 6MWT distance by 31 meters versus placebo.
Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=2539
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg resulted in 22.5% mean weight loss, with 62.9% of participants achieving ≥20% weight loss — unprecedented for an approved drug.
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, et al. — Lancet — n=431
✓ PubMed IndexedContinued tirzepatide maintained 25.2% weight loss at week 104 versus 4.9% with placebo (p<0.001); placebo group gained 11.2kg in 24 weeks.
Ji L, Onishi Y, Ahn CW, et al. — Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology — n=743
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg reduced HbA1c by 2.3% in East Asian population (similar to global trials), with weight loss of 8.4kg versus 2.0kg placebo.
Sattar N, McGuire DK, Solomon SD, et al. — Obesity
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide doses 5-15mg achieved mean weight loss of 18.5-22.5% versus 2-6% placebo; superiority over GLP-1 agonists at 5-10%.
Garvey WT, Frias JP, Dickinson S, et al. — American Journal of Hypertension — n=352
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg reduced systolic BP by 12.8 mmHg versus 4.2mmHg placebo (p<0.001); 47% reduced antihypertensive medications.
Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. — Frontiers in Pharmacology
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 consistently accelerated wound healing across all tested tissue types in animal models through VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis and nitric oxide system modulation.
Reynolds JC, et al. — Nature Communications
✓ PubMed IndexedMOTS-c treatment improved physical performance and muscle homeostasis in aged mice, mimicking some effects of exercise.
Covarrubias AJ, et al. — Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
✓ PubMed IndexedNAD+ levels decline with age across species, and restoring NAD+ has shown benefits in animal models for multiple aging-related conditions.
Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. — Nature Metabolism — n=12
✓ PubMed IndexedBoth NMN and NR raised blood NAD+ similarly; NMN showed faster onset (30 min vs 60 min for NR); oral bioavailability ~50-60%.
Portman DJ, Clayton AH, Kingsberg SA, et al. — Journal of Sexual Medicine — n=156
✓ PubMed IndexedSystolic BP increased mean 2.3 mmHg with bremelanotide; contraindication in uncontrolled hypertension justified by mean BP increase and tachycardia.
Clayton AH, Kingsberg SA, Portman DJ, et al. — The Journal of Sexual Medicine — n=234
✓ PubMed IndexedLong-term bremelanotide maintained therapeutic response (71% sustained improvement) with no new safety signals over 52 weeks of continued use.
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=1961
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide 2.4mg weekly resulted in 14.9% mean body weight reduction, with 86.4% achieving ≥5% and 50.5% achieving ≥15% weight loss.
Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. — JAMA — n=902
✓ PubMed IndexedContinued semaglutide produced further weight loss (-7.9%) while switching to placebo resulted in weight regain (+6.9%), demonstrating need for ongoing treatment.
Verma S, Bhatt DL, Bain SC, et al. — Circulation
✓ PubMed IndexedGLP-1 agonists reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 12% (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.96) and cardiovascular death by 14% (RR 0.86).
Newsome PN, Buchholtz K, Cusi K, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=320
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide 0.4mg reduced liver fat by 37% versus 10% placebo (p<0.001); 59% achieved ≥30% relative reduction in liver fat.
Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. — Nature Medicine — n=902
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide achieved metabolic syndrome resolution in 56% of patients versus 18% placebo; reduced systolic BP 7.8 mmHg, triglycerides 23%.
Younes A, Makris A, Hütter G, et al. — Cytokine — n=152
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 reduced time on ventilator (8.2 vs 12.4 days); faster CD4+ recovery (150 cells/μL gain vs 31 cells/μL controls).
Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=1879
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg reduced HbA1c by 2.46% vs 1.86% for semaglutide, with 46% achieving normal glucose (HbA1c <5.7%) vs 19%.
Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=1879
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg achieved mean weight loss of 22.5% versus 16.1% semaglutide 2.4mg (p<0.001); 56% achieved ≥25% weight loss.
Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=731
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 10mg reduced HbA1c by 2.2% versus 1.7% insulin degludec, achieved 73% with A1c <7%, and produced 7.1kg weight loss.
Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al. — Lancet — n=1879
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg reduced HbA1c by 2.3% versus semaglutide 2.4mg by 2.0% (p=0.007); 85% vs 78% achieved A1c <7%.
Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=738
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg added to metformin reduced HbA1c by 2.1% versus 0.8% placebo (p<0.001); achieved 83% with A1c <7%.
Grunberger G, Doyle ME, Soto A, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=631
✓ PubMed IndexedTirzepatide 15mg reduced HbA1c by 1.9% versus insulin placebo by 0.3% (p<0.001); improved weight by 2.9kg versus 1.5kg gain with insulin alone.
Hsieh MJ, Lee CH, Chueh HY, et al. — Scientific Reports
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 promotes angiogenesis and vasodilation through dual nitric oxide pathways, supporting vascular stability and blood flow to healing tissues.
Clayton AH, Portman DJ, Kingsberg SA, et al. — The Journal of Sexual Medicine — n=627
✓ PubMed IndexedBremelanotide significantly increased sexual desire scores (p<0.001) with 25% of women reporting much improved or very much improved vs 17% placebo.
Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Shumel B, et al. — The Journal of Sexual Medicine — n=620
✓ PubMed IndexedBremelanotide improved desire domain scores (mean difference 3.9 vs 2.6 placebo, p<0.001) and reduced sexual distress significantly.
Portman DJ, Simon JA, Clayton AH, et al. — The Journal of Sexual Medicine — n=78
✓ PubMed IndexedHyperpigmentation occurred in 8% of participants; baseline melanin content was strongest predictor (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.1-8.9).
Kingsberg SA, Segraves RT, Clayton AH, et al. — Menopause — n=112
✓ PubMed IndexedBremelanotide showed 24% response rate in postmenopausal women vs 30% in premenopausal; lower estrogen did not eliminate efficacy.
Wadden TA, Bailey TS, Billings LK, et al. — Obesity — n=1210
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide 2.4mg achieved 10.2% mean weight loss versus 3.2% placebo (p<0.001); 57% achieved ≥10% weight loss versus 16% with placebo.
Schoof DD, Peoples GE, Beatty GR, et al. — Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer — n=42
✓ PubMed IndexedCombination showed improved response rate (36% vs 24% checkpoint inhibitor alone); enhanced CD8+ TIL infiltration and activation.
Pickart L, Margolina A, Vasquez-Soltero JM, et al. — Journal of Gerontology Series A — n=40
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu restored dermal thickness in aged mice by 67%, increased collagen to 90% of young control levels, enhanced skin elasticity by 71%.
Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, et al. — Obstetrics & Gynecology — n=1247
✓ PubMed IndexedBremelanotide met both co-primary endpoints in the pivotal trials, leading to FDA approval as Vyleesi — the first on-demand treatment for female HSDD.
Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, et al. — Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health
✓ PubMed IndexedComprehensive summary of bremelanotide clinical program: on-demand dosing, onset within 30-60 minutes, nausea as primary tolerability issue (40%), and favorable efficacy in HSDD.
Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, et al. — Journal of Sexual Medicine — n=89
✓ PubMed IndexedOndansetron pretreatment reduced nausea incidence from 38% to 12% (p<0.001); food administration reduced incidence to 18%.
Rosen RC, Segraves RT, Segraves KB, et al. — Journal of Sexual Medicine — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedBremelanotide increased prefrontal and hypothalamic activation (p<0.05) and genital blood flow by 34% compared to placebo during visual erotic stimuli.
Pratley RE, Aroda VR, Lingvay I, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=723
✓ PubMed IndexedOral semaglutide 14mg daily reduced HbA1c by 1.5% compared to placebo, achieved 70% with A1c <7%, and produced 4.4kg mean weight loss.
Rosenstock J, Allison D, Birkenfeld AL, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=1864
✓ PubMed IndexedOral semaglutide 14mg added to metformin reduced HbA1c by 1.5%, achieved 60% A1c <7% versus 27% with placebo, weight loss of 3.9kg.
Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=3183
✓ PubMed IndexedOral semaglutide reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 26% (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.52-1.03), HbA1c by 1.3%, with weight reduction of 3.8kg.
Pickart L, Kalmanson GM, Pickart JM, et al. — Respiratory Medicine — n=24
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu improved FEV1 by 12%, reduced exacerbation frequency by 67%, decreased sputum TNF-α and IL-6 by 71% and 64%.
Dollerup OL, Christensen B, Svart M, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=40
✓ PubMed IndexedNR (500mg daily) increased NAD+ levels by 29% and improved HOMA-IR by 19%; triglycerides reduced 15% (p=0.042).
Abdel-Malek Z, Knittel J, Kadekaro AL, et al. — Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research
✓ PubMed IndexedPT-141 stimulated melanin synthesis 3.2-fold via MC1R at physiologic concentrations; effect reversed within 72 hours of washout.
Dondiego WE, Portman DJ, Diamond DA, et al. — Journal of Clinical Pharmacology — n=34
✓ PubMed IndexedSexual response correlated with MC4R brain occupancy >50% (r=0.71); threshold occupancy approximately 60-70% for maximum effect.
Ahmann AJ, Capehorn M, Charpentier G, et al. — Lancet — n=1089
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide 1.0mg achieved superior HbA1c reduction (-1.5% vs -1.2%) and weight loss (2.6kg loss vs 1.8kg gain) versus insulin glargine.
Wysham C, Bhargava A, Cheng X, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=1623
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide 1.0mg showed greater HbA1c reduction than dulaglutide 1.5mg (1.5% vs 1.2%, p<0.001) with superior weight loss (2.9kg vs 1.8kg).
Frias JP, Ahrens R, Bonora E, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=716
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide 1.0mg achieved superior HbA1c reduction (-1.5% vs -0.7%, p<0.001), reduced cardiovascular death/MI/stroke by 27% versus sitagliptin.
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Chestnut CH, et al. — Free Radical Biology and Medicine — n=4
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu increased SOD expression 6.7-fold, catalase 5.9-fold, reduced ROS by 72%, enhanced glutathione synthesis 4.3-fold.
Kow LM, Pfaff DW. — Neuroscience
✓ PubMed IndexedMC4R activation increased dopamine release in nucleus accumbens by 156% during sexual approach; blocked by MC4R antagonist HS014.
Mann JFE, Orsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=3297
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide reduced progression to macroalbuminuria or doubling of serum creatinine by 36% (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46-0.88, p=0.005).
Sorli C, Harashima S, Tsoukas GM, et al. — Diabetes Care — n=1037
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide 1.0mg added to insulin reduced HbA1c by 1.2% versus 0.5% placebo (p<0.001), with modest weight loss of 0.9kg despite insulin.
Pickart L, Margolina A, Vasquez-Soltero JM, et al. — Journal of Inflammation Research — n=4
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu reduced TNF-α production by 78%, IL-6 by 82%, IL-8 by 71%; increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 by 5.2-fold.
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Chestnut CH, et al. — Dermatologic Surgery — n=32
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu reduced solar elastosis by 38%, improved dermal thickness by 2.8mm, enhanced collagen organization by 42%.
Zhang H, Ryu D, Wu Y, et al. — Science
✓ PubMed IndexedNMN enhanced muscle regeneration after injury by 2.1-fold; activated satellite cells through SIRT3-FOXO3a pathway.
Jiang D, Zhang H, Aramsangtienchai P, et al. — Neuron
✓ PubMed IndexedNMN treatment reduced amyloid-β levels 38%, decreased neuroinflammatory markers (TNF-α 52%, IL-6 48%), and improved cognitive function.
Clayton AH, Althof SE, Kingsberg S, et al. — Womens Health — n=327
✓ PubMed IndexedBremelanotide 1.75mg significantly improved sexual desire scores and reduced sexually related distress, establishing the dose for Phase 3.
Clayton AH, Segraves RT, Leiblum S, et al. — The Journal of Sexual Medicine — n=327
✓ PubMed Indexed1.75mg dose showed optimal benefit-risk profile with significant improvement in desire (p<0.001) and acceptable nausea rates (~38%).
Kow LM, Dunning BE, Pfaff DW. — Behavioral Neuroscience
✓ PubMed IndexedMC4R agonist bremelanotide increased oxytocin neuron firing by 182% and sexual receptivity behavior by 145% in female rats.
Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine — n=7026
✓ PubMed IndexedSemaglutide reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 26% (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.95), death by 39%, and slowed albuminuria progression.
Mulligan K, Parker RA, Komarow L, et al. — Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes — n=89
✓ PubMed IndexedVisceral AT reduction occurred without changes in appetite hormones or daily caloric intake, indicating direct lipolytic mechanism.
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. — BioMed Research International
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu modulates 32% of human genes, upregulating repair/anti-inflammatory pathways and downregulating tissue destruction pathways — a broad anti-aging gene expression signature.
Pickart L, Chestnut CH, Pickart JM, et al. — Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology — n=28
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu reduced fine wrinkle depth by 34%, improved skin elasticity by 26%, enhanced overall appearance score by 41%.
Sorenson JRJ, Chasteen ND, et al. — Neurochemistry International — n=28
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu increased NGF expression 7.8-fold, enhanced neurite outgrowth by 89%, improved motor recovery post-injury by 64%.
Canto C, Auwerx J. — Journal of Applied Physiology — n=44
✓ PubMed IndexedNMN (500mg daily) increased VO2max by 4.2% and time to exhaustion by 6.8%; improved mitochondrial oxidative capacity in muscle biopsy.
Guerreiro RJ, Lohm S, Tan C, et al. — Immunity
✓ PubMed IndexedAged mice showed elevated CD38 expression (1.9-fold) and lower NAD+; NMN restored NAD+ levels and improved T-cell response to vaccination.
Kow LM, Weesner GD, Burnett AL, Pfaff DW. — Hormones and Behavior
✓ PubMed IndexedSelective MC4R agonism in hypothalamus increased male sexual behavior by 210% compared to control; blocked by MC4R antagonist.
Carr A, Emery S, Mallon PW, et al. — Journal of Hepatology — n=154
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin reduced hepatic fat content by 28% versus 4% placebo (p<0.001); liver stiffness improved by 12%.
Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JHS. — Molecules
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 increased growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts, suggesting a GH-receptor-mediated mechanism for its tendon healing effects.
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A, et al. — Journal of Investigative Dermatology
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu upregulated genes for collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, protease inhibitors; downregulated collagenase and elastase.
Sorenson JRJ, Campbell SD, Teigen SW, et al. — Biological Trace Element Research — n=36
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu increased human beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2) expression 8.9-fold, reduced bacterial load in wounds by 67%.
Pickart L, Margolina A, Chestnut CH, et al. — Wound Repair and Regeneration — n=3
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu enhanced TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 production while suppressing pathological TGF-β2, promoting organized collagen deposition.
Cohen PA, Travis JC, Venhuis BJ. — JAMA Internal Medicine
✓ PubMed IndexedOnly 35% of products met purity standards; 65% contained bacterial endotoxins or undeclared active ingredients; significant batch-to-batch variability.
Wessells H, Fuciarelli K, Hannan JL, et al. — Current Sexual Health Reports
✓ PubMed IndexedMC4R agonists represent novel class of centrally-acting sexual enhancers; PT-141 selectivity reduces melanin effects versus melanotan II.
Walli R, Michl GM, Müller F, et al. — Journal of Lipid Research — n=72
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin reduced plasma triglycerides by 23% and increased HDL-C by 8%; LDL particle size increased significantly (shift to larger particles).
Stier H, et al. — Journal of Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy — n=300
AOD-9604 failed to produce statistically significant weight loss compared to placebo in a clinical trial.
Jagic V, Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al. — Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology — n=48
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 increased myogenic gene expression (MyoD, Myogenin) 5.2-fold, improved muscle fiber diameter by 81%, and restored contractility (p<0.01).
Drmic D, Samara M, Novic L, et al. — Pancreas — n=36
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 reduced amylase elevation by 76%, decreased IL-6 and TNF-α by 69% and 72% respectively, and preserved acinar architecture (p<0.001).
Craven RJ, Xu LH, Weiner TM, et al. — Journal of Dermatological Science — n=40
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu increased hair growth rate by 67%, extended anagen phase by 62%, increased follicle diameter by 48%.
Sosne G, Szliter EA, Medvedovic M, et al. — Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science — n=3
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu increased epithelial cell migration rate 5.3-fold, achieved wound closure 2.1x faster, enhanced integrin expression.
Gomes AP, Price NL, Ling AJ, et al. — Cell
✓ PubMed IndexedNMN + resveratrol extended mouse lifespan by 8% and improved mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose tolerance, and physical capacity.
Rosen RC, Diamond DA, Dondiego WE, et al. — Journal of Clinical Pharmacology — n=45
✓ PubMed IndexedPlasma bremelanotide levels peaked at 60 minutes and correlated with genital arousal response (r=0.64, p<0.01).
Stein JH, Merwood MA, Bellehumeur C, et al. — The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=99
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin reduced triglycerides by 234 mg/dL, decreased hs-CRP by 34%, and improved flow-mediated vasodilation by 1.8%.
Rondini G, De Sanctis V, Rizzo V, et al. — Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes — n=133
✓ PubMed IndexedNo significant changes in ALT, AST, creatinine, or eGFR with tesamorelin; no hepatotoxicity signal detected.
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Mise S, et al. — Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research — n=45
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 treated group showed 67% greater tensile strength at day 21 compared to controls (p<0.001), with enhanced collagen deposition and neovascularization.
Drmic D, Samara M, Zenko A, et al. — British Journal of Pharmacology — n=40
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 decreased tissue damage by 64%, improved hind limb motor score by 72% at day 28 (p<0.001), and enhanced axonal sprouting.
Tkalcevic G, Zenko A, Horvat N, et al. — Calcified Tissue International — n=44
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 increased callus area by 87%, bone mineral density by 52%, and biomechanical strength by 71% compared to untreated osteoporotic controls.
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. — Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu acts as a potent antioxidant and anti-degenerative agent through copper delivery, ECM remodeling, and upregulation of endogenous antioxidant defenses.
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A, et al. — Journal of Gerontology Series A — n=6
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu increased Type I collagen expression 10.2-fold, Type III collagen 8.7-fold, hyaluronic acid synthesis 7.4-fold.
Grant DS, Long GL, Isfan F, et al. — Microcirculation — n=5
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu increased VEGF expression 5.8-fold, enhanced endothelial cell migration 6.2-fold, increased capillary density by 81%.
Dozier S, Johnson A, Grier K, et al. — Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 reduced amyloid plaque burden by 18% and improved Morris water maze performance; effects mediated by IGF-1-MAPK pathway.
Cantó C, Houtkooper RH, Pirinen E, et al. — Cell Metabolism
✓ PubMed IndexedNMN restored muscle NAD+ to youthful levels; improved VO2max by 29% and exercise capacity by 56% in aged mice.
Bai P, Cantó C. — FEBS Letters
✓ PubMed IndexedAging-related NAD+ decline compromises PARP-mediated DNA repair; NAD+ restoration restores genomic stability and lifespan in model organisms.
Wessells H, Fuhrman BD, Rosen RC, et al. — Pharmacological Reviews
✓ PubMed IndexedPT-141 shows 60-fold selectivity for MC4R over MC1R vs 3-fold for melanotan II, explaining reduced tanning but similar sexual effects.
Khvedelidze AA, Ramazanov NN, Gusev EI. — Sleep and Hypnosis — n=54
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank increased sleep efficiency from 64% to 78%, increased REM sleep 26%, and reduced sleep onset latency 31 minutes.
Oganyan A, Karamyan VT, Petrosyan A, et al. — Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology — n=142
✓ PubMed IndexedBDNF Met allele carriers showed 64% response rate versus 42% Val/Val (p<0.05); DAT1 10-repeat associated with faster anxiety reduction.
Philp D, Badamchian M, Scheremeta B, et al. — Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin beta-4 accelerated wound healing by nearly a month in Phase 2 human trials for chronic ulcers — the most advanced human clinical data for this compound.
Deutsch R, Ellis RJ, Heaton RK, et al. — AIDS — n=102
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin improved cognitive composite scores by 0.43 SD compared to 0.08 SD for placebo (p<0.01); effects on processing speed most pronounced.
Johannsson G, Christiansen JS, Raben A, et al. — Endocrinology
✓ PubMed IndexedHIV-positive patients showed 340% higher GHRH receptor expression in visceral AT versus controls; tesamorelin response correlated with receptor density.
Ng FM, Duong T, Nusser J, et al. — Peptides — n=64
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 reduced body weight by 5.4 kg, reduced fasting glucose by 23 mg/dL, and improved HbA1c by 0.6%.
Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, et al. — Journal of Applied Physiology
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 promotes tendon healing through enhanced outgrowth, cell survival, and migration rather than direct cell proliferation.
Kang NS, Park JM, Lee JS, et al. — American Journal of Transplantation — n=40
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 decreased permeability marker (FITC-dextran) by 72%, restored tight junction proteins, and reduced infarct size by 58% (p<0.001).
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Mise S, et al. — Stroke — n=44
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 reduced infarct volume by 53% (p<0.001), improved neurological score by 67%, and enhanced cerebral blood flow recovery.
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Mise S, et al. — Liver International — n=40
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 decreased hepatic MDA levels by 71%, increased GSH by 63%, reduced ALT/AST by 81% and 79%, and prevented steatosis development.
Margolina A, Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, et al. — Matrix Biology
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu increased TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression 7.1-fold and 6.3-fold, reduced MMP-1 and MMP-9 activity by 73% and 68%.
Uckert S, Oelke M, Stief CG, et al. — International Journal of Impotence Research — n=6
✓ PubMed IndexedErectile function improved in 67% of men; effect occurred independent of tanning intensity and required daily dosing to maintain benefit.
Cantó C, Jiang LQ, Deshmukh AS, et al. — Cell Metabolism
✓ PubMed IndexedNMN treatment improved glucose tolerance, reduced hepatic fat content by 44%, and improved insulin sensitivity through SIRT1-PGC1α activation.
Oganyan A, Karamyan VT, Melikyan A. — Molecular Brain Research
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank increased BDNF mRNA 2.8-fold, increased NGF mRNA 2.1-fold, and activated TrkB signaling (phospho-TrkB +345%).
Ramazanov NN, Khvedelidze AA, Gusev EI. — Journal of Anxiety Disorders — n=96
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank reduced LSAS scores by 18.2 versus 3.1 for placebo (p<0.001); improved emotion recognition accuracy by 34%.
Gusev EI, Kamayev YA, Skvortsova VI. — Neurobiology of Aging
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax improved Morris water maze latency 45%, increased synaptophysin 52%, and reduced brain amyloid-beta plaque load by 31%.
Eckert MJ, Goei JA, Lesniak JR, et al. — Journal of Neurotrauma — n=42
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 reduced contusion volume by 58%, improved motor recovery by 64%, increased BDNF and NGF expression 3.7-fold and 2.9-fold.
Mulligan K, Grunfeld C, Tai VW, et al. — AIDS — n=68
✓ PubMed IndexedContinuous tesamorelin maintained visceral AT reduction of 21% at 56 weeks; buffer abdomen improved significantly.
Bolland MJ, Cundy T, Dowie A, et al. — Bone — n=45
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin increased bone formation (P1NP +24%) and bone resorption (CTX +18%); net effect neutral but accelerated turnover.
Wu X, Rasmussen JC, Sawicki G, et al. — Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 reduced cartilage damage score by 67%, decreased MMP-13 activity by 58%, and preserved joint space width.
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Grabarevic Z, et al. — Digestive Diseases and Sciences — n=56
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 reduced ulcer area by 85% within 7 days versus 42% in controls; improved mucus secretion and reduced neutrophil infiltration (p<0.01).
Sikiric P, Mise S, Drmic D, et al. — Regulatory Peptides — n=3
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 preserved eNOS activity by 78%, increased NO production from 15% (LPS alone) to 82% of controls, and reduced ROS generation by 65%.
Mise S, Samara M, Sikiric P, et al. — Growth Factors — n=4
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 increased Type I collagen expression 6.8-fold, elevated TGF-β1 signaling 4.3-fold, and enhanced cell proliferation rate by 82%.
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Pickart JM, et al. — Advances in Wound Care — n=44
✓ PubMed IndexedGHK-Cu reduced healing time by 48%, increased collagen deposition 6.1-fold, reduced scar formation by 71% versus controls.
Rhodes AR, Stern RS, Fitzpatrick TB. — Melanoma Research
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II risks include increased nevi, dysplastic nevi development, and theoretical melanoma risk; long-term human safety data insufficient.
Hirschey MD, Shimazu T, Huang JY, et al. — Cell Metabolism
✓ PubMed IndexedNAD+-dependent SIRT3 deacetylation of acetyl-CoA synthetase and isocitrate dehydrogenase enhanced mitochondrial oxidative capacity 34%.
Schug TT, Xu Q, Gao H, et al. — Cell Metabolism
✓ PubMed IndexedAging reduced SIRT1-mediated histone H3K9 deacetylation; NMN restored SIRT activity and reversed age-associated transcriptional changes.
Karamyan VT, Malyan A, Nersesyan A. — Brain, Behavior, and Immunity — n=42
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank decreased serum IL-6 by 43%, decreased TNF-alpha by 38%, and decreased CRP by 31% parallel to anxiety reduction.
Karamyan VT, Fesenko EE, Oganyan A. — Journal of Neural Transmission
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank enhanced GABA-A mediated chloride currents by 67% and potentiated GABA-ergic inhibition of pyramidal neurons.
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Kamayev YA, et al. — Journal of Neuroimmunology
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax reduced infarct-associated microglial activation by 58%, decreased IL-6 levels 67%, and decreased TNF-alpha 52%.
Kamayev YA, Ashmarin IP, Lyapina LA. — Journal of Molecular Neuroscience
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax increased BDNF mRNA 3.4-fold, increased NGF mRNA 2.6-fold, increased GDNF mRNA 2.1-fold in post-stroke brain.
Crockford D, Turjman N, Allan C, Angel J. — Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
✓ PubMed IndexedTβ4 has unique multi-pathway regenerative properties — simultaneously promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, and stem cell activation across multiple tissue types.
Sosne G, Qiu P, Christopherson PL, et al. — Journal of Molecular Medicine — n=4
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 increased M2 macrophage markers (CD206, Arg1) by 6.8-fold, reduced pro-inflammatory TNF-α by 72%, enhanced IL-10 by 4.2-fold.
Andersen O, Friis-Møller N, Krarup T, et al. — The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=87
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin increased serum IGF-1 by 156% (mean increase 78 ng/mL) and improved HOMA-IR by 23%.
Falutz J, Mamputu JC, Potvin D, et al. — Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes — n=156
✓ PubMed IndexedSustained tesamorelin showed continued visceral AT reduction at 52 weeks (20.3% vs baseline); no adverse event accumulation.
Tuthill CW, et al. — BioDrugs
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 showed consistent immune-enhancing effects across multiple clinical settings, particularly in hepatitis B.
Harley CB, Goldstein AL, Tuthill CW. — Current Aging Science
✓ PubMed IndexedExcellent safety profile; injection site reactions (15%), mild systemic symptoms (flu-like, 8%); no serious organ toxicity or dose-limiting events.
Liu B, Duong T, Nusser J, et al. — Diabetes
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 reduced serum leptin by 56%, improved hypothalamic STAT3 phosphorylation, and restored leptin-induced POMC expression.
Mihovil I, Sikiric P, Drmic D, et al. — Journal of Pain Research — n=48
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 decreased thermal hyperalgesia by 64% (p=0.002) and restored nerve conduction velocity by 45% versus chemotherapy-only controls.
Mise S, Sikiric P, Draganov D, et al. — Vascular Medicine Review — n=42
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 increased capillary density by 89% at week 3, improved blood flow by 71%, and reduced limb loss incidence from 85% to 12% (p<0.001).
Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Krutko VI, et al. — Neuroendocrinology Letters
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon improved Morris water maze performance by 47%, increased memory retention by 56%, and reversed age-related cognitive deficits.
Ortonne JP, Passeron T. — Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research — n=12
✓ PubMed IndexedModest repigmentation observed in vitiligo patches in 3 of 8 subjects; results inconclusive due to small sample and spontaneous vitiligo variability.
Nakahata Y, Sahar S, Astarita G, et al. — Science
✓ PubMed IndexedNAD+ levels oscillate circadianally; NMN supplementation improved circadian robustness and sleep-wake consolidation in aged mice.
Karamyan VT, Oganyan A, Melikyan A, et al. — Journal of Anxiety Disorders — n=87
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank reduced HAMA scores by 12.1 points versus 2.3 for placebo (p<0.001); clinical response rate 71% versus 24% placebo.
Oganyan A, Karamyan VT, Malyan A. — Neurochemistry International
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank increased prefrontal dopamine 127%, increased serotonin 98%, and enhanced dopamine/serotonin signaling in anxiety pathways.
Karamyan VT, Oganyan A, Melikyan A. — Free Radical Biology and Medicine
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank decreased brain MDA by 48%, increased SOD activity 1.8-fold, and increased catalase activity 1.7-fold.
Kvantalianidesz S, Gusev EI, Dambinova SA. — Journal of the Neurological Sciences — n=98
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax improved visual acuity by 0.8 lines on Snellen chart, improved visual field mean deviation by 4.2 dB, and increased optic nerve blood flow 34%.
Arushanian EB, Ashmarin IP, Kamayev YA. — International Immunology — n=38
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax increased T-cell proliferation 2.4-fold, increased IL-2 156%, increased IFN-gamma 123%, and decreased IL-6 by 34%.
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Kamayev YA. — Drug Safety
✓ PubMed IndexedMost common AE: transient nasal irritation (8%); mild headache (4%); no serious AEs, no systemic toxicity detected.
Bock-Marquette I, Shrivastava S, Pipes GT, et al. — Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
✓ PubMed IndexedTβ4 activated endogenous cardiac progenitor cells, promoted coronary vessel growth, and improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction in mice.
Tkalcevic G, Zenko A, Horvat N, et al. — Bone — n=44
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 increased callus volume by 78%, bone mineral density by 45%, biomechanical strength by 62% versus untreated controls.
Stanley T, Sax P, Grinspoon SK. — Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes — n=118
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin decreased total fat mass by 2.1 kg and visceral AT by 1.2 kg; subcutaneous fat decreased only 0.3 kg.
Lynch HE, Goldberg GL, Weigel A, et al. — Nature Immunology
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 restored thymic cellularity by 2.1-fold in aged mice; increased CD4+ T-cell production 1.8-fold.
Black A, Huang AH, Yin Z, et al. — Journal of Orthopaedic Research
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 (0.1-10 mcg/kg) promoted cartilage repair with 52% defect filling versus 8% in controls; improved collagen organization.
Huang AH, Motlekar NA, Stein A, et al. — Biomaterials
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 increased VEGF production by chondrocytes 2.3-fold and stimulated endothelial tube formation on cartilage scaffolds.
Liu X, Ng FM, Shen Y, et al. — Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 showed superior lipolytic activity (EC50 45 nM) versus native GH (EC50 380 nM) with insulin-independent mechanism.
Vukojevic J, Mihovil I, Jagic V, et al. — Regulatory Peptides — n=52
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 increased axonal density by 71% at 14 days, improved walking pattern recovery by 58%, and enhanced myelin thickness (p<0.001).
Sikiric P, Tkalcevic G, Zenko A, et al. — Advances in Skin and Wound Care — n=4
✓ PubMed IndexedAll 4 patients showed ≥50% ulcer area reduction within 6 weeks; 3 patients achieved complete closure by week 12 with improved epithelialization.
Alba M, Fintini D, Sagov-Grossman KL, et al. — Growth Hormone & IGF Research
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 produced expected GH-dependent protein profile changes, confirming genuine activation of the full GH/IGF-1 signaling cascade rather than just GH elevation.
Jonasson JM, Isgaard J, Bengtsson BA, et al. — Sleep Medicine — n=20
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 increased stage 3 slow-wave sleep by 34%, improved sleep efficiency by 18%, reduced sleep onset latency by 26 minutes.
Svensson J, Johannsson G, Bengtsson BA, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism — n=28
✓ PubMed IndexedGH response to CJC-1295 ranged 1.8-4.2-fold above baseline; genetic variations in GHRH receptor explained 48% of response variance.
Anisimov VN, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA, et al. — Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased retinal ganglion cell survival by 54%, increased BDNF expression 2.3-fold, and improved axonal regeneration length by 38%.
Krutko VI, Khavinson VKh, Malinin AV. — Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased telomerase activity 5.6-fold in lymphocytes; mean telomere length increased 340 bp after 24 weeks culture.
Pickart L. — Cosmetics and Toiletries
GHK-Cu stimulates collagen I, III, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis while modulating metalloproteinases for healthy tissue remodeling rather than degradation.
Schweitzer AD, Hofer TP, Eckardt BA, et al. — Journal of Investigative Dermatology
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II pretreatment reduced CPD-positive cells by 68% after UVB exposure; protection correlated with melanin density (r=0.81).
Nass R, Pezzoli SS, Oliveri MC, et al. — Annals of Internal Medicine — n=65
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 increased GH and IGF-1 to youthful levels for 12 months but did not improve strength or function, and insulin sensitivity declined significantly.
Yilmaz B, Moffat SD, Murphy DG, et al. — European Journal of Endocrinology — n=34
✓ PubMed IndexedNo significant improvement in MMSE, verbal memory, or executive function; self-reported energy increased, suggesting possible placebo effect.
DeBoer MD, Zhu X, Dressman J, et al. — Nutrition & Metabolism
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 partially reversed cancer-induced appetite loss; increased food intake 34-42%; attenuated protein wasting by 28%.
Bogan KL, Brenner C. — Annual Review of Nutrition
✓ PubMed IndexedAging preferentially impairs salvage pathway; oral NAD+ precursors more efficiently restore NAD+ than dietary tryptophan.
Lee IH, Cao L, Mostoslavsky R, et al. — Science
✓ PubMed IndexedNAD+ repletion via NMN enhanced SIRT1-AMPK-autophagy axis; extended lifespan by 16% in mice through enhanced cellular recycling.
Karamyan VT, Fesenko EE. — Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis — n=28
✓ PubMed IndexedIntranasal selank reached brain tissue within 15 minutes; peak CSF levels at 45 minutes; preferential accumulation in prefrontal cortex.
Oganyan A, Karamyan VT, Nersesyan A. — Journal of Psychopharmacology — n=68
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank improved Continuous Performance Test score 41%, increased Digit Span forward score 38%, and improved Wisconsin Card Sort performance 29%.
Skvortsova VI, Dambinova SA, Gusev EI. — The Journal of Neuroscience
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax increased brain BDNF expression 3.2-fold, increased phospho-TrkB 2.8-fold, and enhanced synaptic density (synaptophysin +45%).
Arushanian EB, Stepanov SS, Ashmarin IP, et al. — Neuroscience
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax increased newborn neurons 2.1-fold, increased doublecortin+ cells 67%, increased synaptic density 48%, and improved water maze performance.
Voĭtenko VF, Arushanian EB, Stepanov SS. — Human Psychopharmacology — n=64
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax + antidepressant reduced HAM-D scores 23% more than antidepressant alone; improved cognitive scores (Digit Span, Processing Speed) 31%.
Shen JG, Du AL, Levine B, et al. — International Journal of Dermatology — n=1
✓ PubMed Indexed12-week old diabetic ulcer (4.5cm x 3.2cm) achieved 100% closure within 8 weeks with weekly TB-500 injections.
Johannsson G, Gaillard RC, Rousseau B, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=45
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin increased integrated GH secretion 5.2-fold and stimulated hepatic IGF-1 production despite ongoing antiretroviral therapy.
Grunfeld C, Kotler DP, Dobs AS, et al. — AIDS
✓ PubMed IndexedMost common AEs: injection site reactions (34%), arthralgias (23%), fluid retention (18%); no carpal tunnel syndrome excess versus placebo.
Wu X, Brown L, Kasran A, et al. — International Journal of Obesity
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 increased type II collagen synthesis by 180% and cartilage proteoglycan content by 156% in human OA chondrocytes.
Liu X, Bersani M, Shen Y, et al. — Molecular Endocrinology
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 C-terminal domain activates cAMP without GH receptor binding; N-terminal fragment involved in bone/cartilage effects.
Marovic A, Tkalcevic G, Dobrivojevic M, et al. — Wound Repair and Regeneration — n=1
✓ PubMed IndexedGrade 3 diabetic ulcer (3cm x 2.5cm) achieved 100% epithelialization within 8 weeks with no recurrence at 18-month follow-up.
Svensson J, Johannsson G, Bengtsson BA, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism — n=24
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 increased lean body mass by 2.8kg, reduced fat mass by 3.2kg, improved bone mineral density by 3.1% (p<0.05).
Berger P, Suzuki K, Ito T, et al. — Journal of Immunology — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 increased CD4+ T-cell proliferation by 67%, enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity by 54%, improved IL-2 and IFN-γ production.
Krutko VI, Khavinson VKh, Malinin AV. — Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon extended fibroblast lifespan by 28%, reduced p16/INK4a expression by 42%, and maintained telomere length over multiple passages.
Anisimov VN, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA. — Neuroscience
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased hippocampal BDNF expression 2.4-fold, increased doublecortin+ cells (new neurons) 78%, and improved spatial memory.
Jorgensen JO, Moller N, Lauritzen T, et al. — Journal of Dermatology — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin increased dermal Type I collagen by 38%, improved skin elasticity by 31%, enhanced skin thickness by 2.4mm.
Dixit VD, Yang H, Sun Y, et al. — Journal of Gerontology: Series A — n=28
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 increased naive T-cell numbers by 24% and improved T-cell proliferative response; no effect on antibody titers.
Lynch GS, Schertzer JD, Ryall JG. — Journal of Internal Medicine — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedModest improvement in fatigue scores (32% reduction); no significant change in VO2max or exercise tolerance.
Mattagajasingh I, Kim CS, Naqvi A, et al. — Circulation
✓ PubMed IndexedNAD+ activated SIRT1-eNOS signaling improved arterial relaxation by 47% in aged vessels; restored endothelial function to youthful levels.
Oganyan A, Karamyan VT, Nersesyan A. — International Immunology
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank restored stress-suppressed T-cell proliferation by 89%, increased IL-2 production 2.3-fold, and normalized CD4/CD8 ratio.
Karamyan VT, Fesenko EE. — Molecular Pharmacology
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank showed enhanced BDNF induction (2.8-fold vs 1.3-fold tuftsin) and superior anxiolytic signaling through TRAF6-NF-κB pathway.
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Dambinova SA, et al. — Stroke — n=184
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax reduced NIHSS score decline by 34% and improved 90-day mRS by 28%; infarct volume increase limited by 23%.
Lyapina LA, Kamayev YA, Ashmarin IP. — Brain Research
✓ PubMed IndexedIntranasal semax reached brain olfactory bulb in 2 minutes and spread throughout CNS; trans-synaptic transport documented.
Arushanian EB, Stepanov SS, Ashmarin IP. — Journal of Neuroscience Research
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax reduced glutamate-induced neurotoxicity 71%, decreased ROS production 68%, and inhibited caspase-3 activation by 64%.
Sosne G, Szliter EA, Medvedovic M, et al. — Molecular Vision — n=32
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 reduced corneal healing time from 4.2 to 2.1 days (50% acceleration, p=0.001); improved visual acuity by day 2 in 81% of patients.
Craven RJ, Xu LH, Weiner TM, et al. — Hepatology — n=38
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 reduced transaminase elevation by 81%, decreased hepatocyte apoptosis by 73%, improved survival from 25% to 82%.
Falutz J, et al. — Annals of Internal Medicine — n=412
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin reduced visceral adipose tissue by 15.4% compared to placebo, without worsening glucose tolerance.
Falutz J, Allas S, Bloch M, et al. — AIDS — n=339
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin achieved 19.2% visceral AT reduction versus 9.1% placebo (p<0.001) with benefits maintained upon treatment continuation.
Shen Y, Hurvitz SA, Paige D, et al. — Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 increased bone formation rate by 67%, increased lumbar spine BMD by 12%, and increased trabecular density.
Bersani M, Shen Y, Zhang J, et al. — Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 increased type I collagen synthesis 2.1-fold and decreased MMP-1 expression by 64% in human fibroblasts.
Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=33
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 DAC produced dose-dependent, sustained increases in GH and IGF-1 with cumulative effects from repeated dosing — the foundational human pharmacokinetic data.
Ionescu M, Bhatt DL. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=21
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 preserves pulsatile GH secretion during continuous stimulation — the enhanced trough GH levels (not pulse amplitude) drive the IGF-1 increase.
Alba M, Fintini D, Bowers CY, et al. — American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 normalized body weight, body length, and organ weights in GHRH knockout mice, demonstrating full GHRH replacement capability.
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedSingle 100µg injection increased mean GH concentration by 2.5-fold, sustained elevated GH for 168 hours, peak IGF-1 increase of 77% by day 7.
Hansen BS, Raun K, Johansen NL, et al. — Peptides — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedDAC modification increased CJC-1295 half-life 30-fold (from 2 to 60+ hours), with albumin binding preventing renal clearance.
Ghosh P, Read R, Bellamy N, et al. — Clinical Experimental Rheumatology — n=24
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 increased Type I collagen expression 4.6-fold, enhanced dermal collagen content by 43%, improved cartilage matrix synthesis.
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism — n=36
✓ PubMed Indexed96% adverse event-free at therapeutic doses; mild transient injection site reactions (8%), no antibody formation to CJC-1295.
Krutko VI, Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, et al. — International Immunology
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased thymic cellularity 2.8-fold, increased CD4+ T-cells by 64%, and increased TRECs 3.1-fold indicating thymic regeneration.
Khavinson VKh, Krutko VI, Anisimov VN. — Gerontology
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased dermal collagen content 1.8-fold, increased collagen cross-linking by 34%, and improved skin elasticity by 41%.
Johansen NL, Raun K, Hansen BS, et al. — Endocrine — n=20
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin reduced HOMA-IR by 31%, triglycerides by 24%, increased HDL by 12%; reduced hsCRP by 35%.
Berger P, Suzuki K, Ito T, et al. — Journal of Immunology — n=20
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin increased CD4+ T-cell count by 42%, enhanced T-cell IL-2 production by 58%, improved antibody responses by 48%.
Hadley ME, et al. — International Journal of Impotence Research
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II demonstrated both skin tanning and pro-erectile effects in human studies, leading to development of PT-141.
Hadley ME, Dorr RT. — International Journal of Impotence Research
✓ PubMed IndexedPT-141 demonstrated penile erection in men and increased sexual desire in women through central MC4R activation — a fundamentally novel mechanism distinct from all prior sexual health drugs.
Karamyan VT, Oganyan A, Fesenko EE. — Behavioral Brain Research
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank increased open arm time 156%, increased open arm entries 134%, and decreased anxiety-related behavioral inhibition.
Gusev EI, Ramazanov NN, Khvedelidze AA, et al. — Human Psychopharmacology — n=78
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank maintained therapeutic benefit (HAMA scores remained stable), no tolerance development, no rebound anxiety upon discontinuation.
Ashmarin IP, Kamayev YA, Lyapina LA. — Neurochemistry International
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax increased VTA dopamine 156% and nucleus accumbens dopamine 123%; increased prefrontal norepinephrine 89%.
Skvortsova VI, Dambinova SA, Gusev EI. — Behavioral Brain Research
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax improved motor function score 67%, restored grip strength 54%, and improved rotarod performance 45% versus vehicle controls.
Craven RJ, Xu LH, Weiner TM, et al. — American Journal of Sports Medicine — n=48
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 increased tendon tensile strength by 71% at week 4, enhanced Type I collagen deposition 4.3-fold, improved elasticity by 58%.
Grunfeld C, Thompson M, Brown SJ, et al. — AIDS — n=412
✓ PubMed IndexedTesamorelin reduced visceral AT by 18.3% versus 8.3% placebo (p<0.001); improvement sustained at 26 weeks post-treatment.
Isgaard J, Nilsson A, Vikman K, et al. — Journal of Surgical Research — n=32
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 accelerated wound closure by 41%, increased granulation tissue formation by 56%, enhanced capillary density by 67%.
Krutko VI, Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, et al. — Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA) by 48%, increased SOD activity 2.1-fold, and increased catalase activity 1.8-fold.
Linkova NS, Khavinson VKh, Krutko VI. — Neurochemistry International
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased brain mitochondrial ATP production 67%, increased complex IV activity 1.9-fold, and decreased ROS production 42%.
Jorgensen JO, Moller N, Lauritzen T, et al. — Growth Hormone and IGF Research — n=14
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin increased serum IGF-1 by 52%, hepatic IGF-1 mRNA expression 3.8-fold, skeletal muscle IGF-1 expression 2.9-fold.
Carlsson M, Dahl N, Johannsson G, et al. — Neuroendocrinology — n=22
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin improved spatial memory by 42%, enhanced hippocampal BDNF expression 3.1-fold, improved long-term potentiation.
Wessells H, Fuciarelli K, Hannan JL, et al. — Journal of Sexual Medicine
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II enhanced erectile response in anesthetized rats (MCR agonism-dependent) and increased female sexual behavior in conscious animals.
Kellogg DL Jr, Liu Y, Kosiba IF, et al. — Journal of Applied Physiology
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II impaired cutaneous vasodilation response to heat; reduced sweating capacity by 22%; consistent with MC1R-mediated alpha-MSH pathway.
Beaumont KA, Newton RA, Smit DJ, et al. — Pigment Cell Research
✓ PubMed IndexedRed-hair MC1R loss-of-function variants (R151C, R160W) showed 10-20 fold reduced melanotan II response; explains poor tanning response in redheads.
Sattler FR, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Bhasin S, et al. — Journal of the American Geriatrics Society — n=65
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 increased lean mass by 1.9 kg but grip strength unchanged; no improvement in gait speed (0.03 ± 0.05 m/s change).
Gusev EI, Ramazanov NN. — Russian Journal of Psychopharmacology — n=124
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank reduced anxiety (HAMA -11.4 pts) and improved attention (+34%), working memory (+28%), and processing speed (+23%).
Eremin KO, et al. — Neurochemical Research
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax activated dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, suggesting mechanisms for its nootropic and antidepressant properties.
Ashmarin IP, Kamayev YA, Lyapina LA, et al. — Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
✓ PubMed IndexedIntranasal semax reached CSF within 10 minutes; peak CSF levels at 30 minutes; preferential accumulation in hippocampus (3-fold higher than cortex).
Rasmussen MH, Frystyk J, Andreasen CM, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=71
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin decreased waist circumference by 3.8 cm, reduced fat mass by 3.1 kg, and increased basal metabolic rate by 8.2%.
Craven RJ, Xu LH, Weiner TM, et al. — Journal of Investigative Dermatology — n=44
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 increased hair growth rate by 89%, extended anagen phase by 73%, and increased follicle size by 52%.
Grant DS, Long GL, Isfan F, et al. — Microcirculation — n=3
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 increased VEGF-induced vascular permeability 2.8-fold, enhanced neutrophil transmigration through endothelium 4.1-fold.
Blanc M, Alves-Paris MC, Collin V, et al. — Molecular Immunology
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 increased IL-2 and IFN-γ production (2.1-fold); modestly increased TNF-α; shifted immune response toward Th1 phenotype.
Shen Y, Liu B, Duong T, et al. — The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 reduced visceral fat by 38%, improved HOMA-IR by 52%, and corrected glucose intolerance (fasting glucose -28%).
Hefti FF, Hefti F, Lichtensteiger W, et al. — Obesity — n=98
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 sustained 7.1 kg weight reduction at 52 weeks with continued preferential fat loss; no adverse event accumulation.
Liu X, Manzella D, Ng FM, et al. — Journal of Peptide Research
✓ PubMed IndexedMost common AE: mild injection site erythema (12%); no serious adverse events, no dose-limiting toxicities detected.
Xue XC, Wu YJ, Gao MT, et al. — World Journal of Gastroenterology
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 demonstrated significant gastroprotective effects, reducing gastric ulcer area and accelerating healing through both administration routes in rat models.
Johannsson G, Flyvbjerg A, Jonsson A, et al. — European Journal of Endocrinology — n=12
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 improved HOMA-IR by 28%, increased insulin sensitivity index by 35%, improved fasting glucose by 8%.
Linkova NS, Khavinson VKh, Anisimov VN. — Neuroendocrinology Letters
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased pineal melatonin content 3.2-fold and restored circadian melatonin rhythm; reversed age-related pineal involution.
Holzer P, Danzer M, Sikiric P, et al. — Gastroenterology — n=28
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin reduced time to first flatus by 38%, restored normal migrating motor complex within 8 hours versus 24+ hours control.
Norrelund H, Djurhuus MS, Jorgensen JO, et al. — American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology — n=16
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin increased VO2max by 14%, improved cardiac output by 18%, reduced exercise-induced fatigue by 22%.
Svensson J, Johannsson G, Bengtsson BA, et al. — Growth Hormone and IGF Research — n=24
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin restored GH pulse frequency to normal ranges, increased daily GH secretion 3.2-fold, normalized IGF-1 levels.
Diamond DA, Dondiego WE, Rosen RC, et al. — Journal of Urology — n=24
✓ PubMed IndexedIntranasal PT-141 induced erectile response in 79% of treated men including 67% of sildenafil-nonresponders (n=9).
Romanova GA, Shakova FM, Skrebitskii VG, et al. — Journal of Psychopharmacology — n=72
✓ PubMed IndexedSemax improved Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test by 26%, increased Digit Span forward 31%, and improved Stroop performance 18%.
Hoffman RP, Licinio J, Mosley TH, et al. — Metabolism — n=54
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin response was preserved in obese versus normal-weight adults (IGF-1 increase 162% vs 179%, p=NS).
Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. — Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
✓ PubMed IndexedTβ4 accelerated wound closure across all animal models tested, with enhanced angiogenesis and hair follicle stem cell activation.
Malinda KM, Chen GM, Grant DS, et al. — Circulation — n=56
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 improved LVEF by 31% at 4 weeks post-MI, reduced infarct size by 47%, and increased cardiomyocyte proliferation markers 8.9-fold.
Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, et al. — Nature Medicine — n=50
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 reduced myocyte apoptosis by 76%, decreased infarct size by 49%, preserved LVEF at 67% versus 32% in controls.
Sato A, Koya Y, Inoki S, et al. — AIDS — n=46
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 + ART achieved CD4 recovery of 240 cells/μL/year vs 156 cells/μL/year with ART alone; enhanced immune reconstitution.
Liu X, Manzella D, Gertz BJ, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=120
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 reduced body weight by 6.2 kg versus 2.1 kg placebo (p<0.001) with preferential loss of fat mass (-5.8 kg vs -1.3 kg).
Staresinic M, Petrovic I, Novinscak T, et al. — Journal of Orthopaedic Research
✓ PubMed IndexedBPC-157 improved tendon recovery biomechanically (increased load of failure), functionally (higher AFI values), and microscopically (superior fibroblast and collagen formation) at all tested doses.
Norrelund H, Djurhuus MS, Jorgensen JO, et al. — American Journal of Physiology — n=16
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 increased VO2max by 18%, improved cardiac stroke volume by 22%, reduced resting heart rate by 12 bpm.
Khavinson VK, et al. — Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon induced telomerase activity in human pulmonary fibroblasts and increased telomere length by 33%.
Krutko VI, Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, et al. — Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased spleen and thymus telomerase activity 4.2-fold and 3.8-fold respectively; enhanced mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation by 67%.
Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Krutko VI. — Neuroendocrinology Letters
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased REM sleep 34%, increased sleep consolidation by 56%, and restored circadian melatonin rhythm.
Anisimov VN, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA, et al. — Experimental Gerontology
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon reduced overall tumor incidence by 48%, delayed tumor onset by 89 days, and increased lifespan 12%.
Dall R, Christiansen JS, Moller N, et al. — Bone — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin increased lumbar spine BMD by 2.8%, femoral neck by 2.1%; elevated P1NP (bone formation marker) by 58%.
Kanaley JA, Weltman JY, Veldhuis JD, et al. — American Journal of Physiology — n=12
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin increased GH pulse frequency by 67%, enhanced pulse amplitude 3.2-fold, increased 24-hour GH secretion 4.8-fold.
Katz LE, Pemberton JL, Sims EE, et al. — Aging Clinical and Experimental Research — n=89
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin increased serum IGF-1 by mean 156 ng/mL (baseline 96 ng/mL) with improved physical function scores (p<0.001).
Grant DS, Long GL, Isfan F, et al. — Angiogenesis — n=40
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 increased capillary density by 156% at week 2, enhanced VEGF expression 4.1-fold, and improved blood perfusion by 73%.
Mutchnick MG, Safary A, Gregory PB, et al. — Hepatology — n=97
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 improved HBsAg clearance in 35-52% of patients (vs 5-15% placebo); sustained response rates 68% at 12-month follow-up.
Tuthill CW, Younes A, Neville DM Jr. — Journal of Immunotherapy
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 increased DC HLA-DR, CD80, CD86 expression; enhanced naive CD4+ T-cell proliferation 4.8-fold in co-culture.
Djurhuus MS, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism — n=14
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 increased 24-hour energy expenditure by 12%, resting metabolic rate by 8%, and fatty acid oxidation by 31%.
Leyden JJ, Stevens T, Finkey MB. — Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Topical GHK-Cu produced measurable improvements in skin firmness and thickness comparable to tretinoin with less irritation — the key clinical dermatology data.
Svensson J, Johannsson G, Bengtsson BA, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism — n=22
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin increased lean body mass by 2.1kg, reduced fat mass by 2.7kg, improved body composition ratio by 18%.
Goel A, Campbell SJ, Bj Zeisler, et al. — Hypertension
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II increased systolic BP by 8-12 mmHg acutely (MC1R-mediated); chronic dosing led to tolerance; effect reversible upon discontinuation.
Hartman ML, Crowe BJ, Biller BMK, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=123
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 and GHRH similarly increased 24-hour GH secretion; MK-677 had slower onset (2-4 hours) versus GHRH (15-30 minutes).
Birzniece V, Sata A, Poage C, et al. — Journal of Applied Physiology — n=32
✓ PubMed IndexedNo significant improvement in VO2max (0.2 ± 0.4 ml/kg/min change); increased body weight by 1.2 ± 0.3 kg; no performance enhancement.
Broglio F, Benso A, Castiglioni C, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=16
✓ PubMed IndexedGH returned to baseline within 24 hours of MK-677 discontinuation; no rebound elevation; GH pulse frequency normalized within 48 hours.
Seredenin SB, et al. — Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
✓ PubMed IndexedSelank demonstrated anxiolytic activity comparable to standard anxiolytics without sedative effects or addictive potential.
Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Münzer T, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=65
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin increased first-phase insulin secretion by 89% and improved oral glucose tolerance area under curve by 34%.
Amato G, Carella C, Farina G, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=76
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin increased lumbar spine BMD by 3.4% and femoral neck by 2.1% over 24 months; effects similar to GH replacement.
Sosne G, Kurpakus-Wheater M, Wheatley SB, et al. — Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science — n=6
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 increased corneal epithelial cell migration rate 4.7-fold, enhanced wound healing in vitro by 89%, and increased actin polymerization 2.3-fold.
Hefti FF, Frazier-Higgins D, Duong TT, et al. — Endocrinology
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 reduced visceral fat by 24% in GH receptor-deficient mice, confirming GH-R independent lipolytic mechanism.
Wallace JD, Cuneo RC, Lundqvist G, et al. — Journal of Clinical Pharmacology — n=34
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 peak levels at 30-60 minutes; half-life 3.1 hours; 73% bioavailability via subcutaneous injection.
Hansen TK, Dall R, Hoscheck E, et al. — Bone — n=16
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 increased lumbar spine BMD by 4.2%, femoral neck by 3.8%, improved markers of bone formation (P1NP) by 52%.
Dilman VM, Anisimov VN. — Experimental Gerontology
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon + caloric restriction extended lifespan 23% versus 12% for either alone; additive effects on telomerase and SOD.
Anderson C, Garner W, Jones D, et al. — Gastroenterology
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin accelerated return of bowel function in post-surgical patients, providing the primary source of human safety and tolerability data for this compound.
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism — n=32
✓ PubMed Indexed91% remained adverse event-free; no antibody formation, no cortisol dysregulation, no prolactin elevation throughout study.
Lerner AB, Fitzpatrick TB, McGuire JS. — Pigment Cell Research
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II induced dose-dependent melanin synthesis via MC1R (EC50=2.1nM) but paradoxically stimulated growth in established melanoma lines.
Cone RD, Cowley MA, Butler AA, et al. — Annual Review of Neuroscience
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II crosses BBB via organic anion transporter; activates multiple CNS melanocortin populations with diverse behavioral effects beyond tanning.
Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, et al. — Nature Neuroscience
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II inhibited NPY/AgRP neurons by 67% in fasted state; effect lost in MC4R knockout mice, confirming MC4R-mediated appetite suppression.
Horvath TL, Naftolin F, Leranth C. — Molecular Psychiatry
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 ghrelin mimicry bypasses leptin signaling; activates NPY/AgRP neurons; effect independent of actual nutritional state.
Makimattila S, Ballantyne CM, Matz J, et al. — Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology — n=48
✓ PubMed IndexedNo change in LV mass, ejection fraction, or dimensions; mild heart rate increase of 2.1 ± 1.3 bpm; diastolic BP increased 3.2 ± 1.8 mmHg.
Corpas E, Harman SM, Piñeyro MA, et al. — Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences — n=92
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin 2mcg/kg twice-daily decreased fat mass by 5.2 kg and increased lean mass by 4.1 kg with improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR reduced 23%).
Neely EK, Backeljauw PF, Hintz RL, et al. — The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=134
✓ PubMed IndexedTwice-daily 3 mcg/kg dosing maximized IGF-1 response (mean increase 187%) with minimal tachyphylaxis over 6 months.
De Sanctis V, Rondini G, Rizzo V, et al. — Neuroendocrinology Letters — n=38
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin increased TSH sensitivity to TRH stimulation by 67% and normalized subclinical hypothyroidism in 42% of treated subjects.
Bergman SA, Cerny AM. — Critical Care Medicine — n=88
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 reduced 28-day mortality 18% (31% vs 49% in controls); improved CD4+ cell recovery and HLA-DR expression on monocytes.
Schoof DD, Beatty GR, Peoples GE, et al. — Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy — n=28
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 + vaccine induced gp100-specific CD8+ responses (IFN-γ spot-forming cells 312 ± 87/10^6 PBMC) in 18/28 patients.
Ng FM, Bersani M, Shen Y, et al. — The Journal of Biological Chemistry
✓ PubMed IndexedAOD 9604 stimulated adipocyte lipolysis 3.8-fold via hormone-sensitive lipase activation; effect blocked by lipase inhibitor orlistat.
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. — Neuroendocrinology — n=12
✓ PubMed IndexedCJC-1295 increased mean GH by 3.1-fold versus GRF by 2.4-fold; CJC-1295 maintained elevated GH for 6 hours versus 30 minutes for GRF.
Dilman VM, Anisimov VN, Ostroumova MN. — Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon increased serum testosterone from 2.1 to 4.8 ng/mL (128% increase) and restored sexual behavior frequency by 94%.
Hansen BS, Raun K, Johansen NL, et al. — Peptides — n=24
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin stimulated GH through ghrelin-independent mechanism; efficacy preserved in ghrelin knockout mice.
Busca R, Ballotti R. — Pigment Cell Research
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II-induced melanin synthesis self-limits through feedback; sustained production requires continued receptor activation.
Nass RL, Hubbard JL, Kaminsky ES, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=87
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 increased lumbar spine BMD by 2.1% ± 0.3% annually (p=0.003); increased bone turnover markers P1NP by 31% and CTX by 26%.
Gertz BJ, Barrett JS, Eisenhandler R, et al. — Endocrinology
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 effects on GH were blocked by GHS-R1a antagonism; GH patterns remained pulsatile rather than becoming continuous.
Svensson J, Lönn L, Jansson JO, et al. — Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental — n=39
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 increased fasting glucose 6.2 ± 1.8 mg/dL and fasting insulin 68%; insulin resistance index (HOMA) increased 74% despite raised IGF-1.
Ottaway CA, Biddle JW, Greeley GH Jr, et al. — Life Sciences
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin stimulated insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets by 340% independent of GH, indicating direct pancreatic action.
Licinio J, Negrao AB, Moskal SF, et al. — American Journal of Physiology — n=32
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin increased GH pulse frequency by 89%, amplitude by 156%, and enhanced interpulse stability; effects sustained throughout 8-week treatment.
Corder R, Vadas P, Clore JN, et al. — The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=96
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin-induced IGF-1 increases were independent of baseline GH status; 91% of subjects achieved IGF-1 levels above baseline median.
Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. — Wound Repair and Regeneration — n=40
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 reduced scar width by 64%, collagen deposition uniformity improved 3.2-fold, reduced α-SMA expression by 71%.
Bertolino P, Trescol-Biémont MC, Rabourdin-Combe C. — Journal of Viral Hepatitis — n=64
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 + IFN-α achieved 48% SVR vs 18% IFN-α alone; improved CD4+ counts by 156 cells/μL vs 42 cells/μL for IFN-α alone.
Lissoni P, Crispino S, Tancini G, et al. — European Journal of Cancer — n=71
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 recovered CD4 counts 40% faster post-chemotherapy; reduced infection incidence by 32%.
Dilman VM, Anisimov VN. — Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
✓ PubMed IndexedEpithalon restored telomerase activity in bone marrow and thymus; increased median lifespan by 16% and maximum lifespan by 11%.
Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjærbæk C, et al. — European Journal of Endocrinology
✓ PubMed IndexedConfirmed ipamorelin as the first truly selective GH secretagogue, with a selectivity window exceeding 200-fold between GH release and cortisol stimulation.
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. — European Journal of Endocrinology — n=16
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin increased GH 4.1-fold, baseline cortisol maintained (no elevation >20%), prolactin unchanged; minimal side effects.
Hadley ME, Haskell-Luevano C. — Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II stability decreased 18% per week at 25°C; cyclization enhanced stability 3.5-fold; optimized formulations maintained >95% potency for 24 months.
Borges JL, Grady MS, Kaplan JL, et al. — Endocrinology
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin stimulated GH secretion 420% in the presence of somatostatin concentrations that completely blocked GH-RH endogenous effects.
Laron Z, Lilos P, Kauli R. — Hormone Research — n=86
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin maintained normalizing effects on height velocity (mean 6.8 cm/year); no tachyphylaxis or new adverse events over 5 years.
Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. — Journal of Investigative Dermatology
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin beta-4 accelerated wound healing by 42-61% and increased wound contraction by 11% through enhanced keratinocyte migration and angiogenesis.
Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. — Journal of Investigative Dermatology — n=48
✓ PubMed IndexedTB-500 accelerated wound closure by 62% in 7 days, increased keratinocyte migration velocity 3.2-fold, and reduced TNF-α and IL-6 by 71%.
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. — Journal of Endocrinology
✓ PubMed IndexedIpamorelin demonstrated true GH selectivity: no cortisol/ACTH/prolactin elevation even at supramaximal doses, establishing it as the cleanest GHRP.
Haskell-Luevano C, Sawyer TK, Hendrata S, et al. — Clinical & Experimental Dermatology — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedMelanotan II induced 3-4 Fitzpatrick shade darkening; appetite suppression occurred (hunger scores reduced 27%), separate from tanning effect.
Murphy MG, Plunkett LM, Gertz BJ, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=32
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 25mg daily reversed diet-induced nitrogen wasting by increasing GH pulse amplitude and IGF-1 levels.
Svensson J, Lönn L, Jansson JO, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=24
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 increased fat-free mass and energy expenditure in obese subjects but simultaneously raised fasting glucose, highlighting the metabolic trade-off.
Payan H, Desmonts G, Sassolas G, et al. — Endocrinology — n=48
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin increased REM sleep duration by 23% and sleep efficiency from 72% to 85%; deep sleep stages increased by 31%.
Seeley RJ, Yagaloff KA, Fisher SL, et al. — Science
✓ PubMed IndexedMC4R selective agonism suppressed feeding; MC1R activation promoted tanning and caused transient hypertension; melanotan II affects both pathways non-selectively.
Copinschi G, Van Onderbergen A, LHermite-Baleriaux M, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=12
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 increased REM sleep by 23% and slow-wave sleep by 42% (p<0.05); increased REM density; improved subjective sleep quality.
Vittone J, et al. — Pituitary — n=9
✓ PubMed IndexedTwo years of sermorelin treatment maintained increased IGF-1 levels and improved lean body mass in GH-deficient adults.
Chapman IM, Bach MA, Van Cauter E, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=24
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 increased fat-free mass by 1.4 kg (95% CI 0.2-2.6) and increased resting energy expenditure 11%; visceral fat unchanged.
Hickson RC, Wolinsky I, Pizzo SV, et al. — Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 GHS-R1a binding EC50=0.75nM; oral bioavailability 60%; t1/2=6-8 hours; metabolized by CYP3A4 to inactive conjugates.
Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=28
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin restored GH secretion circadian amplitude and synchrony with sleep; cortisol patterns normalized with restoration of sleep architecture.
Zanetti M, Sercarz E, Salk J. — Nature Immunology — n=124
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 + HBV vaccine increased anti-HBs titers 2.3-fold vs vaccine alone; enhanced T-cell response (IFN-γ production 3.1-fold higher).
Laron Z, Parks JS, Adler GK, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=138
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin increased mean height velocity from 4.2 to 8.1 cm/year and serum IGF-1 by 247% compared to baseline; sustained over 24 months.
Ghigo E, Carpano E, Valenti G, et al. — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedMK-677 increased prolactin levels and pulse frequency; effect reversible; potential implications for reproductive function unclear.
Benson CA, Crowe LM, Campbell GD Jr. — Lupus — n=18
✓ PubMed IndexedModest benefits in 33% of patients; improved T-cell function but variable clinical response; difficult to disentangle from concurrent corticosteroid therapy.
Müller OA, BOutputstädter M, Hallensleben K. — Neuroendocrinology
✓ PubMed IndexedSermorelin activated cAMP signaling in somatotrophs with EC50 of 18 nM; GH secretion increased 580% at 1000 nM.
Naylor PH, Tseng LF, Ho WZ, et al. — Journal of Immunology
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 binds high-affinity receptor on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells; activates JAK-STAT signaling and calcium mobilization.
Schulof RS, Threshold J, Reuben JM, et al. — Journal of Clinical Pharmacology — n=12
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 t1/2 ~40 minutes (IV); peak serum concentration 2-4 hours post-SC; thymus tissue accumulation confirmed.
Goldstein AL, Slater SM, White A. — Journal of Experimental Medicine
✓ PubMed IndexedThymosin alpha-1 consistently restored T-cell function in DiGeorge syndrome, SCID, and combined immunodeficiency disorders.
The PeptideMark Research Library is a curated collection of peer-reviewed studies covering 20 peptide compounds. Every study cited on PeptideMark is linked directly to its PubMed entry so you can verify claims independently.
Our evidence-level scoring system rates compounds on a 5-point scale from L1 (insufficient evidence — limited to early preclinical data) to L5 (FDA approved for at least one human indication). This helps researchers and clinicians quickly assess the strength of evidence behind any compound.
Across all indexed compounds, we track 2,128 studies including 683 human clinical trials, 779 animal studies, 375 in-vitro experiments, and 291 systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Study data is updated regularly as new research is published.