A chronological record of peer-reviewed NAD+ research — trial types, sample sizes, and measured outcomes. This page summarizes what has been studied, not what users should expect to experience.
Educational content only. This page is compiled from published research for reference and is not medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Readers should verify claims against primary sources and consult a qualified healthcare provider before making any health decisions. Full disclaimer.
Peptide research timelines are often misrepresented online. Claims about "how quickly NAD+works" usually blend anecdotal reports with selective trial data. This page restricts itself to what peer-reviewed studies measured, over what duration, with what sample size, and what the authors concluded. Readers should not infer personal results from these numbers.
Primary mechanism studied: Sirtuin & PARP Cofactor. Primary indications investigated: Cellular energy, DNA repair, Anti-aging, Neuroprotection, Addiction recovery (anecdotal).
Comprehensive review of NAD+ decline with aging and its role in cellular processes including sirtuins, PARP, and CD38.
Study comparing blood NAD+ kinetics, tissue distribution, and bioavailability of oral NMN versus NR in healthy human volunteers.
RCT in 40 sedentary adults with insulin resistance showing 12-week NR supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles.
Study showing NMN restores NAD+-dependent SIRT3 signaling in muscle stem cells, promoting myogenic differentiation and muscle repair.
Study showing NAD+ decline in Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic benefits of NMN restoration on amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation.
6-week RCT of NMN or NR supplementation in sedentary adults, measuring VO2max, exercise capacity, and mitochondrial parameters.
Study of CD38 NAD+-consuming enzyme in aged immune cells and effects of NAD+ repletion on T-cell function and inflammatory responses.
Landmark study showing NAD+-activating compounds (like NMN and resveratrol) extend lifespan and improve health in mice through SIRT1 activation.
Study showing oral nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) restores NAD+ levels and improves mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and aerobic capacity in aging mice.
Comprehensive review of NAD+-dependent PARP activity in DNA repair, examining age-related NAD+ decline and therapeutic implications.
Study of NAD+-SIRT1 signaling in diet-induced metabolic syndrome, examining effects on glucose homeostasis and hepatic steatosis.
Mechanistic study of SIRT3 and SIRT4 deacetylation of mitochondrial proteins and effects on energy metabolism and oxidative stress.
Mechanistic study of age-related changes in SIRT-mediated histone deacetylation and effects on gene expression programs.
Study demonstrating SIRT1 and NAD+-dependent regulation of circadian rhythm through histone deacetylation of clock genes.
Comprehensive review of NAD+ biosynthesis via de novo (from tryptophan) and salvage (from NMN, NR) pathways and age-related changes.
Study showing SIRT1 and AMPK promotion of autophagy and mitophagy through NAD+-dependent signaling, critical for cellular quality control.
Small pilot study of intravenous NAD+ (250-500mg) in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, measuring energy levels and mitochondrial function.
Study of NAD+-dependent SIRT1 regulation of eNOS in endothelial cells and effects on vasodilation and vascular function.
The presence of a study does not mean an effect is established. Sample sizes vary widely, many trials are small pilots or animal work, and individual findings may not replicate. The overall evidence level for NAD+ is L3 (Emerging Clinical Evidence): pilot human studies or limited clinical trials available. Treat each study as one data point, not a conclusion.
PeptideMark indexes 260 studies on NAD+: 15 human studies, 85 animal studies, 120 in-vitro, and 40 reviews. The current evidence level is L3 — emerging clinical evidence.
The earliest indexed peer-reviewed study on NAD+ in the PeptideMark library was published in 2007 (Journal of Internal Medicine). Research activity has continued through 2021.
Duration varies by indication and phase. Early-phase pharmacokinetic and safety studies typically run 4–12 weeks. Phase 2 efficacy trials commonly span 12–26 weeks. Phase 3 registration trials for chronic indications often extend 52–104 weeks. Review individual trial records on ClinicalTrials.gov for specific durations.
Published research activity on NAD+ has slowed in recent years based on indexed studies. Ongoing investigator-initiated trials may exist that are not yet indexed.
Every study referenced here links to its PubMed record via the study ID. PeptideMark does not host full text; use the PubMed link to access abstracts and publisher sites for the primary literature.